Optimise positioning, usually more upright rather than laying flat.
Use of fan, or increased airflow by opening windows, can improve the sensation of breathlessness. A cooler room may help.
If tolerated, seems to be most effective if cool air moves over the face.
Cautions - Oxygen
Only use for patients with hypoxaemia (sats < 92%) who show benefit.
If sats are normal then this is an expensive "open window".
In the last days and hours of life, other pharmacological approaches
with opioids or benzodiazepines may be preferable to oxygen.
- Nebulisers
Saline nebulisers are likely to aggravate cough. Patients in the last
days of their life may not have the strength to perform an effective cough.
Stridor
Suggest discussion with specialist palliative care team
If associated anxiety or panic, treat as above
Consider use of dexamethasone s/c
Associated anxiety or panic with severe refractory breathlessness
Trial PRN midazolam 2.5 – 5mg (up to hourly)
If effective, and needing more than 2 doses in 24 hours - Syringe Driver CSCI midazolam 5-20mg over 24hrs (depending on PRN requirements)
If ineffective, discuss with specialist palliative care. Consider use of levomepromazine 6.25 – 12.5mg s/c PRN
Opioids
Can be helpful for breathlessness at rest or on minimal exertion. (opioids do not improve breathlessness on exertion)
Regular delivery of opioid (via syringe driver) is thought to be superior to prn use
Opioid Naïve
Syringe Driver CSCI morphine 5-10mg over 24 hours. (Consider oxycodone if morphine sensitive or impaired renal function)
Established Opioids
If used for another reason e.g. pain; dose increase may be beneficial for breathlessness (suggest discussion with palliative care team)
If already using a fentanyl patch, continue the patch and add additional via syringe driver. Dose, as above.
This advice relates to upper airways secretions collecting in the throat and upper airways of a semi-concious patient in the last days/hours of life.
Research has shown that secretions & associated noises often distress clinicians more than family, & family more than the patient.
Secretions often indicate that a patient is unconcious, unaware & hence, not swallowing or coughing to clear saliva.
Explanation often provides more relief than medication.
Treatment if required, where a patient is aware & coughing unsuccesfully, should start as soon as secretions develop.
Also consider
Examination (auscultation) may be advisable for patients with a history of left sided heart failure or with evidence, or at high risk, of a LRTI or aspiration. Hyoscine will do nothing for purulent chest secretions of pulmonary oedema. Ensuring carers do not give food or fluid when this cannot be safely managed may reduce further aspiration.
In these cases careful consideration of the appropriateness of treatment with diuretics or antibiotics (potentially in hospital) should take place. The patients previous wishes should be considered. If clearly dying and not considered a reversible deterioration then palliative care advice may be helpful.
Second - Where possible, aim to reverse any potential causes of agitation, delirium or anxiety.
• have long term oral sedatives been replaced? - e.g. anti-psychotics, BDZs, anti-epileptics? Consider seeking advice.
If unable to communicate, consider;
• pain. Ongoing but poorly controlled due to reduced oral meds. New due to pressure areas, stiffness, etc.
• a full bladder or distress from not being able to get to the toilet - catheter or pads & re-assure.
• loaded & uncomfortable bowels - though appears unfair, an enema/suppositories will help.
• thirst is unusual, having a dry mouth is not. Allow sips if able, wet and clean the mouth & tongue.
• psychological or spiritual distress. A chaplain, imam, relative or friend may be better than a drug.
• disturbance. Sometimes families have to be guided to give the patient some space/quiet/time.
V 1.2 of the FP Anticipatory Meds Worksheet - March 2020
We will endeavour to keep this page and more importantly the Future Planning webpages it links to as up to date as possible.
The chart visible and downloadable on the LINK gives ideas for drugs that may be used if syringe drivers, staff or drugs become scarce during this crisis.
As is usual in Palliative Care all drugs are used "off licence". Most have had long established use in End of Life settings across the world. A few in the red sections have some evidence but not a lot of experience.
I have put together this chart with advice from many but with the thought;
"If I find myself looking after my (>75 year old) parents or residents in a care home, without resources or support, then how can I best use my knowledge to provide them with acceptable End of Life care".
I also think we should be using Morphine Modified Release tablets given PR, before Fentanyl Patches as there is better evidence and good science to expect a faster response. COVID19 is thought to be excreted from the rectal route, as well as oropharyngeal & respiratory, so use of gloves is encouraged when giving medication by any route oral, buccal, SL or PR.
Dr Steve Plenderleith, Consultant in Palliative Medicine.
March 2020
LINKS to other COVID resources.
These are in no way "comprehensive" but are offered as a collection the documents that appear to be helpful, well laid out and wherever possible less than 2 sides of A4. Pictures and ease of reading also feature.
Hampshire Area & District Prescribing Commitee approved Admin Orders.
Identical to those used by Solent and Southern Health Community Teams.
(These links can be changed if this template is being used in another county using different forms.)
Anticipatory Meds Subcut Drug Dose WorksheetV1.3Future Care PlanningmortarPestle-1-1j-36d1d-3k113s-21b3t19292n-t-3p-3a3h1o3g1735f-1o3u-31-1p3e2d-2s3m1d3a